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Home > Articles by: News Network
By:News Network

Censorship and content filtering

Censorship and content filtering – The Business Post (businesspostbd.com)

Censorship and content filtering

Ziaur Rahman
18 Feb 2023 00:00:00 | Update: 20 Feb 2023 08:57:51

The rapid growth of ICT, internet and digital technologies have brought a revolutionary change in the country’s communications sector. It has created a huge opportunity in media to instantly connect with others and share lives through photos, videos and status updates.

Any type of information such as voice, data, and media services has now become instant, quick and fast reachable. Internet has also greatly changed the behaviour of people and the traditional systems of communications.

People nowadays do not wait for morning papers or sit down at an appointed time for the evening news on television or radio. Digital platforms have totally changed the news industry. The consumption, distribution and the process of production have been changed fundamentally.

With the advancement of technology it has become very easy to access any website and most people by this time have become familiar with various forms of social media. These days people are less depended on traditional media rather they follow some online news portals and share their ideas, beliefs and news on media platforms.

It all happens because of widespread Internet usage and smart phone adoption in Bangladesh. According to Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC), about 127.6 million (12.76 crore) people, almost two-thirds of the country’s total population, are now using the internet.

Mobile phone users have also increased in recent days. It is estimated that more than 180 million people have mobile devices, and almost half of these connections are smartphones. GSMA (Groupe Speciale Mobile Association) Intelligence’s numbers indicate about 106.8 percent mobile connections in Bangladesh.

Internet has empowered people to express their views, opinions and beliefs. But the advantages in media industry is being impaired greatly nowadays mainly due to poor infrastructure, low internet freedom and regulatory environment. Internet freedom in Bangladesh, however, improved lightly in last year following a three-year of decline.

According to a US-based think tank, Freedom House, Bangladesh scored 43 points out of 100 in 2022, improving three notches from the year before. Since 2013, Bangladesh has been consistently categorised as a “Partly Free” country on the internet freedom index of Freedom House which documents how governments censor and control the digital sphere. The report assessed the level of Internet freedom in 70 countries based on 21 indicators pertaining to obstacles to access, limits on content, and violations of user rights.

The internet is considered as one of the most important sources of freedom of speech and expression through mass media including digital, electronic, traditional and social media. But freedom of speech and expression is being impaired in the country because of low internet speed, censorship and content filtering. According to sources, the government very often throttles the internet speed specially whenever there is any opposition programme. The move is aimed at preventing live streaming on Facebook and other social media platforms and stopping usage of the messaging apps at the rally venue.

Downgrading of 3G and 4G internet services were also reported from major divisional cities in Bangladesh during October-December period in last year when the mainstream opposition political party BNP was holding their rallies.

Governments often impose shutdowns, block websites or restrict internet services mainly to stop spread of disinformation and maintain law and order situation. Sometimes these are done, for a specific population or within a location, often to exert control over the flow of information.

But in reality, these network disruptions block people from knowing the real situation and they don’t feel safe and secure when they have no access to information and are disconnected from their webs.

Internet shutdowns have been imposed multiple times in Bangladesh over the years to quell protests, control instability over religious tensions, and prevent rumours and propaganda in the lead-up to the national elections.

Internet challenges the right to freedom of expression safeguarded in the international human rights treaties. Nevertheless it empowers freedom of expression by providing individuals with new means of imparting and seeking information.

Experts, human rights activists, Journalists and writers recently attended an advocacy meeting on “Internet Censorship and Content Filtering” observed that the focus of regulation should be on improving content moderation, rather than adding content-specific restrictions. “There might be restrictions in case of disinformation, hate speech, defamation and harmful content but these should be based on laws,” said researcher, lawyer and human rights activist Rezaur Rahman Lenin while addressing the campaign held in Dhaka recently.

News Network, one of the country’s leading media NGO, organised the advocacy campaign on Internet Censorship and Content Filtering in cooperation with EngageMedia and Internews. According to Lenin, restrictions imposed by states should be based on laws. “These should be clear, necessary, proportionate and non-discriminatory, he added.

According to Human Rights Watch (HRW), the government is using sophisticated equipment to block websites critical of the government and carrying out surveillance on online traffic. Human right activists and opposition leaders are accusing that the government is marching towards authoritarianism through intimidating the free press and cracking down on freedom of expression. Journalists are already self-censoring, fearing retaliation for criticism.

According to sources, suppression on press has increased substantially following the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. Any information that was deemed critical of government was branded as “rumors” during the pandemic. The government allegedly suspended a number of doctors, government officers, and academics for criticizing the government response to COVID-19.

Over the last decade, digital information and communication technologies have become the focus of heavy-handed state intervention in Bangladesh. The government introduced two internet security laws , Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Act, 2006 and the Digital Security Act, 2018 (DSA 2018), both woefully inadequate to address the challenges of the evolving nature of the internet.

Sources said, the laws are being used to bring trumped up charges against journalists, activists, lawyers, and academics, and clampdown on free speech. The DSA also prohibits journalists from obtaining any documents, information and pictures of the government offices without “official consent,” which makes investigative journalism on urgent issues of public interest almost impossible.

The writer is a journalist. He can be contacted at mzrbd60@gmail.com

 

By:News Network

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https://kalbela.com/ajkerpatrika/joto-mot-toto-path/tyzwyq3y0s

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āφāĻ™ā§āϗ⧁āϰ āύāĻžāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻŋ

Published on: 9 Mar, 2023, 8:59 am

āϚāϤ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞāĻŦ⧇āϰ āϝ⧁āϗ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϤāĻĨā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ–āĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦ⧈āĻĒā§āϞāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻāϏ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻ“ āĻĄāĻŋāϜāĻŋāϟāĻžāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻšā§‚āĻ°ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āĻ— āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āφāϰ āĻāĻ• āύāĻŋāĻŽā§‡āώ⧇ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻ›ā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āϏāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĻ⧁āύāĻŋ⧟āĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžā§ŸāĻ“ āϤāĻĨā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§œā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻāĻ–āύ āϏāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ“ āϏāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āϰ⧇āĻĄāĻŋāĻ“-āĻŸā§‡āϞāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻļāύ⧇āϰ āĻ–āĻŦāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻĒ⧇āϰāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻšāĻžāϤ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§āĻ ā§‹ā§Ÿ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āϟ āĻĢā§‹āύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻšā§‚āĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āϜāĻžāύāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āϤāĻž-āχ āύ⧟, āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇āχ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻŽāϤāĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ•-āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ•-āĻļā§āϰ⧋āϤāĻž (āĻ…āĻĄāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϏ) āϧāϰ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āĻ—āĻŖāĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽ āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ—āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻāĻ• āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āϞ⧇āϗ⧇āχ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāϤāĻžā§ŸāĻ“ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ“ āύāϤ⧁āύ āφāχāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āϏ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏāϰāĻļāĻŋāĻĒ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāϪ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻŽāϤāĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ“ āϤāĻĨā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻŖā§āύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϏ⧇āχāϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ—āϤ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ—ā§‹āĻĒāĻ¨ā§€ā§ŸāϤāĻž āĻ“ āϏ⧁āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ“ āϞāĻ™ā§āϘāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āϤāĻž-āχ āύ⧟, āĻŽā§‚āϞ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āĻ—āĻŖāĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āφāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ“ āĻ•āĻŽāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ āĻāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĒāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻŖāĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽāĨ¤ āϏāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āĻ“ āĻŽāϤāĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž, āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ“ āϏ⧁āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āϏ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏāϰāĻļāĻŋāĻĒ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāϰ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āϚāϞāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ ā§Šā§¯ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻšā§āϛ⧇āĻĻ⧇ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ• āĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻžāĻ“ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϏāĻ‚āĻ—āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāύāĻŋāώ⧇āϧ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ ā§Šā§¯ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻšā§āϛ⧇āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āύāĻŋ⧟āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύāϟāĻžāĻ“ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ…āĻĢāĻŋāĻļāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϞ āϏāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰ⧇āϟ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•ā§āϟ ā§§ā§¯ā§¨ā§Š, āĻĒ⧇āύāĻžāϞ āϕ⧋āĻĄ ⧧⧝ā§Ŧā§Ļ (āϧāĻžāϰāĻž ā§Ē⧝⧝-āĻŽāĻžāύāĻšāĻžāύāĻŋ), āĻĢ⧌āϜāĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ ā§§ā§Žā§¯ā§Ž (āϧāĻžāϰāĻž ⧝⧝, ā§§ā§Ļā§Ž, ā§§ā§Ēā§Ē), āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āϏ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāύāĻž (āĻ˜ā§‹āώāĻŖāĻž āĻ“ āύāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāύ) āφāχāύ, ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Š, āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āϏ āĻ•āĻžāωāĻ¨ā§āϏāĻŋāϞ (āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§‹āϧāύ) āφāχāύ, āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀ (āĻĒāϰāĻŋāώ⧇āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ) āφāχāύ ⧧⧝⧭ā§Ē, āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻ“ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ—āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āφāχāύ ⧍ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ŧ, āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻŽāĻžāύāύāĻž āφāχāύ ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Š, āĻĄāĻŋāϜāĻŋāϟāĻžāϞ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻž āφāχāύ (āĻĄāĻŋāĻāϏāĻ) ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ž, āĻĄāĻŋāϜāĻŋāϟāĻžāϞ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ—āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽ āĻ“ āĻ“āϟāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϟāĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻŸā§‡āϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāωāύāĻŋāϕ⧇āĻļāύ āϰ⧇āϗ⧁āϞ⧇āϟāϰāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύ (āĻŦāĻŋāϟāĻŋāφāϰāϏāĻŋ) āϰ⧇āϗ⧁āϞ⧇āĻļāύ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍⧧, āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāϚāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖāĻžāĻ˛ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻ“āĻ­āĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āϝ āϟāĻĒ (āĻ“āϟāĻŋāϟāĻŋ) āĻ•āύāĻŸā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāώ⧇āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύāĻž āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϞāĻž ⧍ā§Ļ⧍⧧, āĻ—āĻŖāĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ (āϚāĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāϞāĻŋ) āφāχāύ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍⧍ (āĻ–āϏāĻĄāĻŧāĻž) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻ“ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧇āĻžāĻ—āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāϗ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϤ āϏ⧁āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āφāχāύ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍⧍-āϏāĻš āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ“ āύāϤ⧁āύ āϏāĻŦ āφāχāύāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āώ āĻ“ āĻĒāϰ⧋āĻ•ā§āώāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻŽāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋ⧟āĻž āϞāĻŋāϟāĻžāϰ⧇āϏāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻĄāĻŋāϜāĻŋāϟāĻžāϞ āϞāĻŋāϟāĻžāϰ⧇āϏāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻžāχ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϝ⧇āύ āĻ…āϜāĻžāύāĻž āĻ—āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ⧇ āĻāĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϚāϞ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āφāχāύ āĻĒā§āϰāϪ⧟āύ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāĻžā§Ÿāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĒāĻžāĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋āχ āϏ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏāϰāĻļāĻŋāĻĒ āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻ…āĻĢāϞāĻžāχāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āύāϞāĻžāχāύ āϏāĻŦāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇āχ āϏāĻšāĻŋāĻˇā§āϪ⧁ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĢāϞāύ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāχāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻĨāϚ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύāĻŽāϤ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāύ āϰ⧇āϖ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻŽāϤāĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āϝ⧇āύ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžāϤ⧇āχ āύ⧇āχāĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻĄāĻŋāϜāĻŋāϟāĻžāϞ āĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϟāĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇ āĻ…āϏāĻšāĻŋāĻˇā§āϪ⧁āϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻšāϤāĻžāĻļāĻž āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤

āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāϰāĻžāĻŦāϰāχ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇, āφāχāύāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āύ⧟āĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖāĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻœā§āĻž, āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ āĻ“ āωāĻ¨ā§āύ⧟āύ āϏāĻšāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻŽāϤ, āĻāϏāĻŦ āφāχāύ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ“ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻžāύ⧀ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻĨ āϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāϏāĻ āϏ⧇āϞāĻĢ āϏ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏāϰāĻļāĻŋāĻĒ āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āφāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϤ āϏ⧁āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āφāχāύ āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻ—ā§‹āĻĒāĻ¨ā§€ā§ŸāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻŖā§āύ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āφāĻļāĻ™ā§āĻ•āĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāύāĻ•āĻŋ āĻ āφāχāύāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āφāĻ—āĻžāĻŽā§€ āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āϏāĻ‚āϏāĻĻ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ⧇āϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧀ āĻ“ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύāĻŽāϤ āĻĻāĻŽāύ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āφāĻļāĻ™ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāĻ“ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϰāĻĄāĻ•āĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟ āϜāĻžāĻ°ā§āύāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϟ āϏ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰ (āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϏāĻŋ) āφāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻ• āĻ…āύ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ⧇ āφāχāύāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧀ āφāύāĻŋāϏ⧁āϞ āĻšāĻ• āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ āĻ“ āĻ—āĻŖāĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻĨāĻŋ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āφāχāύ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻž āĻāĻŽāύ āφāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāϞ⧇āϛ⧇āύ, āĻĄāĻŋāϜāĻŋāϟāĻžāϞ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻž āφāχāύ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ•-āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āĻ–āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻž āϏāĻžāχāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āĻ“ āĻĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻžāχāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ āĻĻāĻŽāύ⧇ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ“ āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§āϞāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž āϏāĻĢāϞ āϤāĻž āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϗ⧁āϜāĻŦ āĻ“ āĻšā§ŸāϰāĻžāύāĻŋāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻ•āύāĻŸā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āύāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āĻ…āϏāĻšāĻžā§ŸāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ⧟āϤāχ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤

āĻāχ āϝ⧇ āĻāϤ āĻŦ⧜āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻĢ⧇āϏāĻŦ⧁āĻ•-āχāωāϟāĻŋāωāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āρāĻĻ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āφāϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ•āĻŋ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˜ā§āύ⧇ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ—āχ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇? āύāĻž, āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧜ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻļāĻžāĻšāĻŦāĻžāĻ— āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āϤ⧋ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻšā§‹āϖ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇āχ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĻ⧁āĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻž āĻŦā§‡ā§œā§‡ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āϤāĻ–āύāχ, āϝāĻ–āύ āĻāϏāĻŦ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ—āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϗ⧁āϜāĻŦ āĻ“ āĻ…āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻ›ā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻžāϰ⧀ āĻ“ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻšā§ŸāϰāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϗ⧁āϜāĻŦ āĻ›ā§œāĻžāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ—āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āϜāύāĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻĒāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ“āϤāĻĒ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻŦāϏ⧇ āφāϛ⧇ āĻšāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ⧋ āϏāĻ‚āϘāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āϚāĻ•ā§āϰāĨ¤ āĻĢ⧇āϏāĻŦ⧁āϕ⧇ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ…āĻŦāĻŽāĻžāύāύāĻžāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāύāĻžāύ⧋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϝāĻžāϟāĻžāϏ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻœā§‡āĻšāĻžāϞ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāĻ“ āĻ•āĻŽ āύ⧟āĨ¤ āĻĢ⧇āϏāĻŦ⧁āϕ⧇āϰ āϗ⧁āϜāĻŦ⧇āϰ āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰ āϧāϰ⧇ āĻ­ā§‹āϞāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§‹āϰāĻšāĻžāύ⧁āĻĻā§āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇ āϤ⧌āĻšāĻŋāĻĻā§€ āϜāύāϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻĒ⧁āϞāĻŋāĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āϘāĻ°ā§āώ, āϰāĻ‚āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻžāϚ⧜āĻžā§Ÿ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋāϘāϰ⧇ āφāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ, āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§āĻŽāĻŖāĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ āύāĻžāϏāĻŋāϰāύāĻ—āϰ⧇ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāϰ āĻ“ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋāϘāϰ⧇ āĻšāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻž, āĻĒāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϕ⧋āϰāφāύ āĻļāϰāĻŋāĻĢ āĻ…āĻŦāĻŽāĻžāύāύāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϝ⧋āϗ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻŽā§āϰ āĻŦ⧌āĻĻā§āϧ āĻāϞāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāϏāĻš āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϘāϟāύāĻž āϘāĻŸā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āφāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻĢāĻžāρāϏ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āύāĻžāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āϤ⧋ āĻ…āĻšāϰāĻš āϘāϟāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϗ⧁āϜāĻŦ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻŦāϰāĻžāĻŦāϰāχ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻĢ⧇āϏāĻŦ⧁āϕ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻāĻ–āύ āϗ⧁āϜāĻŦ āĻ›ā§œāĻžāύ⧋ āϏāĻšāϜ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤

āĻŦ⧇āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āύāĻŋāωāϜ āύ⧇āϟāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•, āĻāύāϗ⧇āϜāĻŽāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻ“ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύāĻŋāωāĻœā§‡āϰ āϝ⧌āĻĨ āĻ†ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ• ‘āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āϏ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏāϰāĻļāĻŋāĻĒ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āύāĻŸā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āϟāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ‚â€™āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟āĻ• āĻāĻ• āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻĄāĻ­ā§‹āϕ⧇āϏāĻŋ āϏāĻ­āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ•, āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻ• āĻ“ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžā§Ÿ āωāϠ⧇ āφāϏ⧇, āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻŦāĻžāϰ āφāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώ⧋āĻ­ āĻĻāĻŽāύ, āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻž āύāĻŋ⧟āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āϗ⧁āϜāĻŦ āϠ⧇āĻ•āĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ, āĻ“ā§Ÿā§‡āĻŦāϏāĻžāχāϟ āĻŦā§āϞāĻ•, āĻ•āύāĻŸā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āϟāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ‚āϏāĻš āύāĻžāύāĻž āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻž āĻ…āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻšāϤ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āϤāĻĨā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āĻŸā§‡ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŽāϤāĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇āĻ“ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ—āĻŖāĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ āĻ“ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϟāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ⧟āϤ āϗ⧁āϜāĻŦ, āĻ…āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻ“ āϘ⧃āĻŖāĻž āĻ›ā§œāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻŽāĻžāύ āφāχāύ⧇āχ āϤ⧋ āϝ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ…āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻ…āĻĢāϞāĻžāχāύ āĻ“ āĻ…āύāϞāĻžāχāύ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āφāχāύ āϕ⧇āύ āĻšāĻŦ⧇?

āĻ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āωāĻĻā§€ā§ŸāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ–āĻžāϤ āĻ…āύāϞāĻžāχāύ⧇ āϏ⧇āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻ°ā§āϟāφāĻĒ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‹āĻ—āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻžāĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϤ āϏ⧁āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āφāχāύ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āωāĻĻā§āĻŦ⧇āϗ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āφāϰ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‹āĻ—āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻž āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋāϰāĻ­āĻžāĻ—āχ āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ⧇āϰāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‹āϗ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻ…āύāϞāĻžāχāύ⧇ āϏ⧇āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϕ⧋āϟāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώāĨ¤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻāĻ• āĻ…āύ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāύ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻĻā§‚āϤ āĻĒāĻŋāϟāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻžāϏ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟāχ āĻŦāϞ⧇āϛ⧇āύ, āωāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϤ āϏ⧁āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āφāχāύ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϤ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§€ā§ŸāĻ•āϰāϪ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāĻ¨ā§€ā§ŸāϤāĻž āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāϪ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽā§‹āĻĻāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāύ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ āĻ›ā§‡ā§œā§‡ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āχāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ…āύāϞāĻžāχāύ āĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϟāĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϕ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ•āύāĻŸā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĢ⧌āϜāĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āφāχāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§‹āĻŽā§āĻ–āĻŋ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻžā§Ÿ āφāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϖ⧁āĻŦāχ āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ…āύāϞāĻžāχāύ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻĢāϞāĻžāχāύ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āχ āĻŽāϤāĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻžāĻ—ā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇, āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĄāĻŋāϜāĻŋāϟāĻžāϞ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽ āĻāϤ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āϝ⧇, āύāĻŋāώāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧ āĻŦāĻž āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āχ āϰ⧁āϖ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻĻāĻļāϟāĻž āϏāĻžāχāϟ āϖ⧁āϞ⧇ āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻŸā§‡ āφāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻŦāĻžā§œāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻŦāĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāĻĒāĻž āĻ•ā§āώ⧋āĻ­ āĻŦāĻžā§œāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āϛ⧋āϟ āϛ⧋āϟ āĻ•ā§āώ⧋āĻ­ āĻŦ⧜ āφāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ›ā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒ⧜āĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇āχ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ“ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύāĻŽāϤ āϏāĻšā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻ›āĻŋ āύāĻžāĨ¤

āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻ•: āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ•

By:News Network

āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āϕ⧀? āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻŖāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻļāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ āϏ⧁āĻļā§€āϞ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĻ•āĻž

URL: https://engagemedia.org/2022/internet-shutdowns-south-southeast-asia/

āφāϜāϕ⧇āϰ āĻĄāĻŋāϜāĻŋāϟāĻžāϞ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡, āĻĻ⧈āύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĨ¤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻž āĻ“ āφāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ• āϞ⧇āύāĻĻ⧇āύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āύāϞāĻžāχāύ⧇ āĻĒ⧜āĻžāĻļā§‹āύāĻžâ€“ āϏāĻŦ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āχ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĨ¤ āϝāĻ–āύ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ, āϝ⧇āĻŽāύāϟāĻŋ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻŖ-āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻļāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϰāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇, āϤāĻ–āύ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āĻĻāĻžāϰ⧁āĻŖāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻšāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āϕ⧀ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ⧀āϰāĻž āĻāχ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āύāĻŋāϞ⧇ āϕ⧀ āĻšā§Ÿ? āĻāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻž āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ“ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧃āϤāĨ¤ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ“ā§Ÿā§‡āĻŦāϏāĻžāχāĻŸā§‡ āĻĸā§‹āĻ•āĻžāϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āφāĻ‚āĻļāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻ—āϤāĻŋ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āϧāϰāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏ⧇āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ—āϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāĻžā§Ÿāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āϏ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ-āϞāĻ™ā§āϘāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻāχ āĻĒāĻĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āφāĻ•āĻ°ā§āώāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϜāĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻĻāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāϰ āφāĻ“āϤāĻžā§Ÿ āφāύāϤ⧇ āϏ⧁āĻļā§€āϞ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤

āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāĻžā§Ÿāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏ⧁āĻļā§€āϞ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰāĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧇ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āϏāĻŽā§āĻ¨ā§āύāϤ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž āϜāĻžāύāĻžāύ āϤāĻž āĻāχ āύāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻ“ āϭ⧁āϞ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž

āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ•āχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ⧇ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āϏ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏāϰāĻļāĻŋāĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ“ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ #KeepItOn āĻœā§‹āϟ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϜāύāĻŽāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§ƒāĻšā§€āϤ āϏāĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻž āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇:

[āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ] āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻŦāĻž āχāϞ⧇āĻ•ā§āĻŸā§āϰāύāĻŋāĻ• āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āϗ⧇āϰ āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāϘāĻžāϤ, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϜāύāĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€āϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻāϞāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ…āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§œā§‡, āϝāĻž āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖ āφāϰ⧋āĻĒ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝāχ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ 

āĻāχ āϏāĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžā§Ÿ āϝ⧇, āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āĻ— āύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ“ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āĨ¤ āĻŽā§‹āĻŦāĻžāχāϞ āϏ⧇āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻšāϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž, āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āĻ—āϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻ—āϤāĻŋ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻž āϧ⧀āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āϛ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϟāĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžâ€“ āϏāĻŦāχ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āϏ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏāϰāĻļāĻŋāĻĒ āϕ⧀? āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύāϕ⧇ āϏ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏāϰāĻļāĻŋāĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϧāϰāύ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ (āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āύ⧇āϟāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˜ā§āύ āĻšāϞ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώāϕ⧇ āĻ…āύāϞāĻžāχāύ⧇ āĻ•āύāĻŸā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻĒā§‹āĻ¸ā§āϟ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻž āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ)āĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āϏ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏāϰāĻļāĻŋāĻĒ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŦ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϕ⧇āχ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•ā§āϏ⧇āϏ āύāĻžāω-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϞāĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϟāĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāϟāĻŋ āχāϞ⧇āĻ•ā§āĻŸā§āϰāύāĻŋāĻ• āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āϗ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāϘāĻžāϤāϕ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞ⧇ āϧāϰ⧇; āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻšā§‹ā§ŸāĻžāϟāϏāĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒ, āĻĢ⧇āϏāĻŦ⧁āĻ• āĻ“ āϟ⧁āχāϟāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āϗ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϟāĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻŦā§āϞāĻ• āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āϏ⧇āϟāĻžāϕ⧇ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϝāĻ–āύ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ“ā§Ÿā§‡āĻŦāϏāĻžāχāĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āϝāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŽā§‚āϞāϤ āĻ•āύāĻŸā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡â€“ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϟāĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϕ⧇ āĻŦā§āϞāĻ• āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻ–āύ āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āϏ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏāϰāĻļāĻŋāĻĒ⧇āϰ āϧāϰāύ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš

āϏ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏāϰāĻļāĻŋāĻĒ āĻ“ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖ āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻžāĻ“, āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§€ā§ŸāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϞāĻžāϕ⧁āĻļāϞ⧀āϰāĻž āĻāχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āύ⧇āϟāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•-āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˜ā§āύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āϤ⧁āϞ⧇ āϧāϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•ā§āϏ⧇āϏ āύāĻžāω-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇āĻ• āĻĒāϞāĻŋāϏāĻŋ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧋ āĻĄā§‡āύāĻŋāϜ āĻĄā§āϰ⧁ āφāχāĻĄāĻŋāύ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻ…āϜ⧁āĻšāĻžāϤ⧇āϰ āϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ:

  • āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻž: āĻāϟāĻŋ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āϏāĻžāϰ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋ⧜āĻŽā§āĻŦāύāĻž āĻšāϞ⧋ āϝ⧇, āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āϝāĻ–āύ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āϜāĻžāύāĻžāϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āύāĻž āĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āϜāύāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ› āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇, āϤāĻ–āύ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ“ āϏ⧁āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻŦā§‹āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤
  • āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ: āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ-āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ›ā§œāĻžāύ⧋ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ“ āĻ­ā§‹āϟ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āϗ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻž āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤
  • āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ:āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώ⧋āϭ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āφāχāύ-āĻļ⧃āĻ™ā§āĻ–āϞāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āύ⧇āϟāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϰ āĻāχ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˜ā§āύāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āϜāĻžāύāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻž āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤
  • āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧁āϞ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž: āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻāχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āĻ…āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āϜāύāϕ⧇ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āϤāĻžāϞāĻžāĻ– āϞāĻžāĻ– āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ: āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āύ⧇āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻž āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻžā§Ÿ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ¨ā§‡ā§Ÿ, āϝāĻž āϜāύāĻ—āϪ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧇ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇ āĻšāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻ›āϰāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϤ⧇, āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻŖ-āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻļāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ āĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻ…āϜ⧁āĻšāĻžāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•ā§āϏ⧇āϏ āύāĻžāω-āĻāϰ āĻāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ⧇āϰ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇, āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻļā§€āĻ°ā§āώ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻž āĻāχ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ⧇ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍⧧ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āφāĻĢāĻ—āĻžāύāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ, āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ, āχāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āύ⧇āĻļāĻŋ⧟āĻž, āĻŽāĻŋ⧟āĻžāύāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ⧇ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ⧇āϰ ā§§ā§¨ā§ŽāϟāĻŋ āϘāϟāύāĻž āϘāĻŸā§‡, āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āφāϰāĻ“ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āĻ°â€Œā§āϝāĻžāĻ‚āĻ•āĻŋāĻ‚ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻļā§€āĻ°ā§āώ⧇ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ ⧍ā§Ļ⧧⧍ āϏāĻžāϞ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻļāϟāĻŋāϤ⧇ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāϤ ā§Ŧā§Ŧā§ĢāϟāĻŋ āϘāϟāύāĻž āϰ⧇āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŽāĻŋ⧟āĻžāύāĻŽāĻžāϰāĻ“ āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻļā§€āĻ°ā§āώāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻĻ⧇āĻļāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋāĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍⧧ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻļāϟāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāϤ ā§§ā§ĢāϟāĻŋ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ⧇āϰ āϘāϟāύāĻž āϘāĻŸā§‡āĨ¤ āϜāύāĻ—āϪ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻļāϟāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āϜāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽ āĻ“ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŽ āĻĒāĻĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇, āϤāĻž āĻšāϞ⧋, āĻ­āĻžāĻ°ā§āϚ⧁⧟āĻžāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāχāϭ⧇āϟ āύ⧇āϟāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• (VPN) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤

āχāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āύ⧇āĻļāĻŋ⧟āĻžā§Ÿ ⧍ā§Ļ⧧⧝ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ• āĻĻāĻĢāĻžā§Ÿ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāϰ⧋āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽ āĻĒāĻžāĻĒ⧁⧟āĻžā§Ÿ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍⧧ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ āϰāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĻ⧇āύ āϝ⧇, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϰāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŦ⧈āϧ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώ⧋āĻ­ āĻĻāĻŽāύ, āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ā§Ÿ āωāĻĻā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ—āϜāύāĻŋāϤ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻž āύāĻŋ⧟āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇ āϗ⧁āϜāĻŦ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻĒāĻĒā§āϰāϚāĻžāϰ āϠ⧇āĻ•āĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āĻ“ āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāϰ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āύ⧇āϟāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāϘāĻžāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ–āĻŦāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ⧇, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻļāϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻāϞāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻĢāĻŋāϞāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāχāύ⧇ ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ģ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻĒā§‹āĻĒ⧇āϰ āϏāĻĢāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāĻŦ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļā§āϰ⧀āϞāĻ™ā§āĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āĻ•āϟ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āωāĻĻā§āĻ­ā§‚āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώ⧋āϭ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ⧇āϰ āϘāϟāύāĻž āϘāĻŸā§‡āĨ¤

āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇

āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ—āϤ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•āϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϤ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇, āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻž āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻĢā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϧāĻžāύ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟāϕ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇:

[āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ] āĻŦ⧈āĻļā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāωāϟāĻžāϰ āύ⧇āϟāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•, āϝāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻ“ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ— āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϝāĻž āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āϗ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āφāĻ¨ā§āϤāσāϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āύ⧇āϟāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤāĨ¤ 

āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻšāϞ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϰāĻžāωāϟāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻāĻ• āϗ⧁āĻšā§āĻ› āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāωāϟāĻžāϰ, āϝāĻž āĻāĻ•āχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāωāϟāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϗ⧁āĻšā§āĻ› āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϰāĻžāωāϟāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āϏ⧇āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ (ISP) āϤāĻžāϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻž āϤāĻžāϰāĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§€āύ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āϗ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻāχ āϰāĻžāωāϟāĻžāϰāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϕ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ āϧāĻžāĻĒ⧇ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻž āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāωāϟāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ“ā§Ÿā§‡āĻŦ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•ā§āϏ⧇āϏ āϏāĻĢāϟāĻ“āϝāĻŧā§āϝāĻžāϰ (āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāωāϜāĻžāϰ) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāύāĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāωāϟāĻžāϰ, āϝāĻž āĻ“ā§Ÿā§‡āĻŦāĻĒ⧇āϜ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĄā§‡āϟāĻž āĻŦāĻž āωāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϤ āϜāĻŽāĻž āϰāĻžāϖ⧇āĨ¤

āϝāĻ–āύ āϕ⧇āω āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāωāϜāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ“ā§Ÿā§‡āĻŦ āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻž āϟāĻžāχāĻĒ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ, āϤāĻ–āύ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāϰāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϘāϟāύāĻž āϘāĻŸā§‡:

  • āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāωāϜāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ āĻĄā§‹āĻŽā§‡āχāύ āύ⧇āĻŽ āϏāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻŽ (DNS) āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāϰ⧇ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ“ā§Ÿā§‡āĻŦāϏāĻžāχāϟāϟāĻŋ āϝ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āϏ⧇āχ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻĒā§āϰ⧋āĻŸā§‹āĻ•āϞ (IP) āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻž āϖ⧁āρāĻœā§‡ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • āĻāĻ–āύ āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁ āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāωāϜāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ āĻ“ā§Ÿā§‡āĻŦāϏāĻžāχāĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āϜāĻžāύ⧇, āĻāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāϰ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāχāĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŸā§‡āĻ•ā§āϏāϟ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϏāĻĢāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰ⧋āĻŸā§‹āĻ•āϞ (HTTP) āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻŦāĻž āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻšāĻ• āϝ⧇ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āϖ⧁āρāϜāϛ⧇āύ āϤāĻž āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻšāĻ•āϕ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻĄā§‡āϟāĻž āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϏāĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύ āĻ•āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧋āϞ āĻĒā§āϰ⧋āĻŸā§‹āĻ•āϞ (TCP)/āφāχāĻĒāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āϗ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  • āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ “200 OK” āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ“ā§Ÿā§‡āĻŦāϏāĻžāχāĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻĢāĻžāχāϞāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϕ⧇ āĻĄā§‡āϟāĻž āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāϕ⧇āϟ āύāĻžāĻŽāĻ• āϛ⧋āϟ āĻ–āĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŋāϰāĻŋāϜ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāωāϜāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžā§Ÿā§ˇ
  • āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāωāϜāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻĄāĻžāϟāĻž āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāϕ⧇āϟ āĻāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ“ā§Ÿā§‡āĻŦāĻĒ⧇āĻœā§‡ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āϝ⧇, āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ“ā§Ÿā§‡āĻŦāϏāĻžāχāϟ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āϜāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āϘāĻŸā§‡, āϤāĻ–āύ āĻāχ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āύ⧇āϟāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϰ āϕ⧋āύ āĻĒā§Ÿā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āϘāĻŸā§‡āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϤāĻž āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻž āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤

āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ—āϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ

āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāϰāĻŖ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ, āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻŽāĻŋāϞ⧇ āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāχāĻĄ āĻ“ā§Ÿā§‡āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āύ⧇āϟāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻĒā§Ÿā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•ā§āϏ⧇āϏ āύāĻžāω, āϜāĻŋāĻ—āϏ’ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāϤ āĻĒā§Ÿā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϕ⧇ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻĒā§Ÿā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇:

  1. āφāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ• āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‹āύ: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ āĻ…āĻĒāϟāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻĢāĻžāχāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻŦāϞ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āĻ— āωāĻšā§āϚ-āĻ—āϤāĻŋāϰ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāχ āύ⧇āϟāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻĒā§Ÿā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāϘāĻžāϤ āϘāϟāϞ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§āϞāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŦ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻ“ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āϏ⧇āĻŦāĻž āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻ—ā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  2. āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āϗ⧇āϟāĻ“ā§Ÿā§‡: āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āϗ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϟāĻŋ āφāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ• āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻ•āϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ āύ⧇āϟāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
  3. āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āϏ⧇āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀: āφāχāĻāϏāĻĒāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻāϞāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāχ āĻĒā§Ÿā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāϘāĻžāϤ āϘāĻŸā§‡, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻāχ āύ⧇āϟāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āϏāĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻ—ā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻšāύāĨ¤
  4. āϏāĻŋāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇āϞ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāϟ (āĻāĻ•āĻ• āϏ⧇āϞāĻĢā§‹āύ āϟāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϛ⧋āϟ āĻāϞāĻžāĻ•āĻž): āĻāχ āĻ¸ā§āϤāϰ⧇ āύ⧇āϟāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāϘāĻžāϤ⧇āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āϏ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻāϞāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāϤ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻ“āχ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏ⧇āϞāĻĢā§‹āύ āϟāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻšāĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻ—ā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻšāύāĨ¤

 

āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāĻž āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇? āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āĻŸā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ “āϚāĻžāϞ⧁” āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ “āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ” āϏ⧁āχāϚ āφāϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋ?

āϝāĻ–āύ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ (āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻžāϧ⧀āύ āϏ⧇āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡), āϤāĻ–āύ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āύāĻž āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰāĻžāχ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āφāχāĻāϏāĻĒāĻŋāϕ⧇ āύ⧇āϟāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āĻ— āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ“ā§Ÿā§‡āĻŦāϏāĻžāχāϟ āĻŦā§āϞāĻ• āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤ āύ⧇āϟāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāϘāĻžāϤ⧇āϰ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āφāχāĻāϏāĻĒāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ āϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇:

  1. āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ: āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āϏ⧇āĻŦāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ…āĻŦāĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹āϰ āĻ…āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻāχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĻž āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇, āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻŋāĻĄ āĻŦāĻž āϏ⧇āϞāĻĢā§‹āύ āϟāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻ—ā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĨ¤
  2. āϰāĻžāωāϟāĻŋāĻ‚:āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĒā§Ÿā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡ (āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰ⧂āĻĒ, āφāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ• āϗ⧇āϟāĻ“ā§Ÿā§‡) āĻ—āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āύ⧇āϟāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāϘāĻžāϤ āϘāϟāĻžāύ⧋, āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύ⧇āϟāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āϞāĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻŦāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ āϭ⧇āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āύāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
  3. āĻĄāĻŋāĻāύāĻāϏ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāύāĻŋāωāĻĒ⧁āϞ⧇āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž: āĻĄāĻŋāĻāύāĻāϏ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻžāĻŽāĻ•āϰāĻŖ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž, āϝāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ-āĻĒāĻžāĻ āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻĄā§‹āĻŽā§‡āύ āύāĻžāĻŽāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύcom) āĻŽā§‡āĻļāĻŋāύ-āĻĒāĻžāĻ āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āφāχāĻĒāĻŋ āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻžā§Ÿ (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ 142.251.32.46) āϏāĻ‚āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāύāĻāϏ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāύāĻŋāωāĻĒ⧁āϞ⧇āϟ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύāĻŽāϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϘāĻŸā§‡ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻšā§€āύ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¸ā§Ž āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝāϧāĻžāϰ⧀ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāϰ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāύāĻāϏ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāύāĻŋāωāĻĒ⧁āϞ⧇āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  4. āĻĢāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āϟāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ‚: āĻāχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ⧇āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āϏ⧇āĻŦāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻœā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻĢāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āϟāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ‚ āϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϏāĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāχāϏ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āϟāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāχāϏ āύ⧇āϟāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻ• āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻžāĻĄā§‡āϟāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ āϏ⧇āχ āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻžāĻĄā§‡āϟāĻžāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāώ⧇āĻŦāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽāϤāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
  5. āĻ—āϤāĻŋ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž: āĻāχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ⧇ āύ⧇āϟāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĄā§‡āϟāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻš āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇; āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāϰ⧂āĻĒ⧇ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāώ⧇āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤ⧋āϞāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāώ⧇āĻŦāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϧ⧀āϰāĻ—āϤāĻŋ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰ⧂āĻĒ, āĻŽā§‹āĻŦāĻžāχāϞ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟāϕ⧇ āϟ⧁āϜāĻŋ-āϤ⧇ āύāĻžāĻŽāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāĻž āĻĄā§‡āϟāĻžāϰ āĻ—āϤāĻŋ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  6. āĻĄāĻŋāĻĒ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāϕ⧇āϟ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ: āĻāχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ⧇ āύ⧇āϟāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻĄā§‡āϟāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ›āĻžāχ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĄā§‡āϟāĻž āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāϕ⧇āϟāϟāĻŋ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϞāĻžāϕ⧁āĻļāϞ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύāĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻ…āϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āϤāĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻĄā§‡āϟāĻž āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāϕ⧇āϟāϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻĒā§Ÿā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  7. āĻĄāĻŋāύāĻžā§ŸāĻžāϞ āĻ…āĻŦ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻŋāϏ (DoS): āĻāχ āφāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāϪ⧇āϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŽā§‡āĻļāĻŋāύ āĻŦāĻž āύ⧇āϟāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻž, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻž āĻ“āχ āĻŽā§‡āĻļāĻŋāύ āĻŦāĻž āύ⧇āϟāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϝ⧇ āĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϟāĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāϰāϕ⧇ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāχ āφāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§Ÿ āϏ⧇āχ āĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϟāĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāϰāϕ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĄā§‡āϟāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāϰāϤ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āύāĻ•āϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§Ÿā§‡ āϏāĻšā§‡āϤāύāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻžāύ⧋

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āĻ—ā§āϰ⧇āϟāĻžāϰ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻĢā§āϰāĻŋāĻĄāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰ⧋āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ–āĻāϰ āφāĻ“āϤāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāύāϗ⧇āϜāĻŽāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋ⧟āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻ• āĻāχ āĻŦā§āϞāĻ— āĻĒā§‹āĻ¸ā§āϟāϟāĻŋ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ “āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ āĻļāĻžāϟāĻĄāĻžāωāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ—āϰāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āωāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§‹āϚāύ: āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻŖāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻļāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āφāϞ⧋āĻ•āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤â€ āĻļāĻŋāϰ⧋āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ āĻĒ⧜⧁āύ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇āĨ¤ ##

By:News Network

Greater internet freedom project

Supported by Internews and cooperated by EngageMedia

Period: 2022-2023

Image source: Wikipedia

News Network with the support of Internews and in cooperation with EngageMedia has launched a Greater Internet Freedom project

in Bangladesh. The project is a part of Internews three-year global initiative programme. The programme has been going on since September 2020 and funded by US Agency for International Development with a view to strengthening the internet freedom in fifty countries. Its aims are to enhance digital security for civil society and media organizations, engage citizens in internet governance debates, and promote human rights online. Activities of News Network project include advocacy, offline-online discussion and developing media reporting to strengthen internet freedom, skill development of media people on digital security.

By:News Network

What is an internet shutdown? A guide for South and Southeast Asia civil society

This blog post has been produced by EngageMedia as part of the Greater Internet Freedom Program. Read the report titled “Opening up the Technical Aspects of Internet Shutdowns: Spotlight on South and Southeast Asia Cases” here.

In today’s digital society, internet access is essential in everyday life: from conducting business and financial transactions to communicating with others and learning online. When access to the internet is restricted – as has been the case in some South and Southeast Asian countries during times of social unrest – people’s lives are significantly disrupted.

What is an internet shutdown, and what happens when the government or other perpetrators impose them? There’s more to the definition than cutting off internet access entirely. Internet shutdowns can range from partially blocking access to certain websites to throttling internet speeds. Understanding the various kinds of shutdowns and how they are technically implemented is crucial in civil society efforts to draw attention to these rights-infringing measures and hold perpetrators accountable.

This article explains the different kinds of internet shutdowns, how they are implemented using existing technology, and how civil society groups respond to uphold free internet access.

Myths and misconceptions

Internet shutdowns tend to be associated with complete blackouts or are taken to mean the same thing as internet censorship. A crowdsourced definition from the #KeepItOn coalition defines an internet shutdown as:

[an] intentional disruption of internet or electronic communications, rendering them inaccessible or effectively unusable, for a specific population or within a location, often to exert control over the flow of information. 

This definition shows that a shutdown is more than no connectivity. Mobile service disruptions, throttling or slowing down connections, or selectively blocking certain platforms are all considered internet shutdowns.

How about internet censorship? While internet shutdowns can be considered forms of censorship (because network disruptions prevent people from posting content or expressing themselves online), not all instances of internet censorship are considered shutdowns. According to Access Now, the difference lies in the primary purpose of the blocked platforms. The definition above highlights the disruption of electronic communications; if platforms that are designed for multi-way communications, such as WhatsApp, Facebook, and Twitter are blocked, these would be considered internet shutdowns. But when platforms that primarily publish content are blocked – such as news websites – these would be considered forms of internet censorship.

Common justifications for imposing internet shutdowns

Aside from censorship and information control, state perpetrators of internet shutdowns invoke various justifications for imposing these network disruptions. Deniz Duru Aydin, a former Policy Fellow at Access Now, lists some of the common government excuses:

  • National security: This is the most common and vague justification for internet shutdowns. The irony is that people don’t feel safe and secure when they have no access to information and are disconnected from their loved ones. 
  • Elections: Governments impose shutdowns supposedly to stop the spread of election-related disinformation. In reality, however, shutdowns hinder election monitoring and communications for journalists and poll watchdogs.
  • Protests: Shutdowns are used during protests supposedly to maintain law and order, but these network disruptions block people from knowing the real situation.
  • School exams: Implemented in an attempt to stop cheating, shutdowns disproportionately affect millions instead of the intended few.
  • Visits by government officials: To keep government officials or foreign political leaders safe, governments opt to impose shutdowns, interfering with people’s rights to access information.

In recent years, these excuses have been invoked by governments in several South and Southeast Asian countries. The two regions are home to some of the top offenders in internet shutdowns, according to a report from Access Now. In 2021, 128 shutdowns were recorded in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, and Pakistan, although the true figures are likely higher.

India has consistently topped internet shutdown rankings, recording at least 665 internet shutdowns since 2012. Myanmar is also one of the top offenders, imposing at least 15 shutdowns in 2021 following the military coup. Amid public protests, the junta ordered the blocking of social media and internet access and, in recent years, has moved to reintroduce a draconian measure that would regulate the use of virtual private networks.

In Indonesia, West Papua made headlines over multiple shutdowns recorded in 2019, and in 2021 a court ruled that blocking internet access amid social unrest was lawful. Internet shutdowns have also been imposed multiple times in Bangladesh to quell protests, control instability over religious tensions, and prevent rumours and propaganda in the lead-up to the national elections. Similar network disruptions have been reported in Pakistan, particularly in its restive border regions; the Philippines during the 2015 Papal visit and other festivities; and Sri Lanka during recent protests stemming from an economic crisis.

How the internet works

Before getting into the technical aspects of internet shutdowns, it’s important to understand how the internet works. The Oxford Dictionary defines the internet as:

[a] global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols. 

The internet is a computer cluster connected to a router, which is then connected to other routers managing clusters of connected computers. The internet service provider (ISP) connects these routers through wired or wireless connections. For end users to access the internet, they use web access software (internet browsers) on their computers to connect to servers, which are specialised computers that store data for webpages or apps.

When someone types a web address into their browser, several things happen in the background:

  • The browser navigates to the domain name system (DNS) server and finds the internet protocol (IP) address of the server which hosts the website.
  • Now that the browser knows the actual location of the website, it sends a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request to the server, asking it to send the requested data to the client. This message, and all other data sent between the client and the server, are sent across the internet connection using Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/IP.
  • The server then sends a “200 OK” message and sends the website’s files to the browser as a series of small chunks called data packets.
  • The browser will assemble all the data packets into a complete web page to display it for the user.

As illustrated here, many components are involved when accessing a website. When an internet shutdown happens, several of these components are usually targeted. Understanding the structure of the internet and how it works is crucial to recognise at which points of the network an internet shutdown happens and how it was executed.

How internet shutdowns are technically implemented

As seen from the brief description of how the internet works, many components make up the infrastructure of the World Wide Web. Internet shutdowns can be implemented at various points of the network. Access Now, Jigsaw, and other organisations researching internet shutdowns have identified the following as some of the most common execution points:

  1. International internet backbone: Underwater optical fibre cable connections provide high-speed internet connectivity. If any damage or disruption occurs at this network point, all users and services hosted in the affected country will be impacted.
  2. Internet gateway: This plays a very important role in internet connectivity in a country as it connects international internet traffic to the local network.
  3. National and local internet service providers: ISPs provide internet connection to certain areas. If disruptions occur at this point, all users connected to the network will be affected.
  4. Single spot (single cellphone tower or specific small area): Network disruptions at this level result in a very targeted shutdown, as only the subscribers of the targeted cellphone tower will be affected.

How do perpetrators execute internet shutdowns? Is there an “on” and “off” switch for the internet? 

When the government controls the internet infrastructure (through state-owned service providers), it can restrict access on its own without going through another party. Otherwise, perpetrators order ISPs to restrict network connectivity or block certain websites. Depending on the aim of the network disruption, ISPs use one of the methods listed below:

  1. Fundamental infrastructure shutdown: This type of internet shutdown is caused by the failure of or damage to the physical communications infrastructure necessary for internet services. An example would be the physical destruction of a power grid or cellphone tower. 
  2. Routing: Manipulating network routine works by altering the route information at key points (for example, international gateways) so that network traffic is blocked and does not pass beyond the controlled infrastructure. 
  3. DNS manipulation: DNS is a naming system that translates human-readable domain names (like google.com) to machine-readable IP addresses (like 142.251.32.46).  Manipulating DNS information can cause the shutdown of targeted services. This happens when DNS information is manipulated to direct users to either a non-existent server or a server controlled by the perpetrator. 
  4. Filtering: In this type of shutdown, commercial filtering appliances and transparent proxy devices are used to block access to internet services. These filtering devices analyse the metadata from network traffic and then allow or block access based on that metadata.
  5. Throttling: In this type of shutdown, data flow through the network is restricted but not completely stopped. Access to the internet or particular services is slowed down to render the service or resource effectively unusable; for example, by downgrading mobile internet to 2G or capping data speeds. 
  6. Deep Packet Inspection: In this type of shutdown, network data is inspected and screened. If the data packet is found to be non-compliant with the criteria set by the shutdown perpetrator, the data packet is blocked from passing through the inspection point.
  7. Denial of Service (DoS) attack: This attack is meant to shut down a machine or network, making it inaccessible to users. Fake traffic is sent to the targeted platform or server to keep it busy and prevent it from providing data to users. 

Raising awareness on internet shutdowns

Several research institutions and civil society groups are tracking and monitoring internet shutdowns worldwide. This includes the Open Observatory of Network Interference (OONI), which developed a mobile app to measure the blocking of websites and publishes this data on the OONI Explorer. The Internet Outage Detection and Analysis (IODA) project monitors the internet to identify macroscopic internet outages affecting the edge of the network, while Censored Planet collects data in over 200 countries to determine the presence or absence of censorship. Through its Transparency Reports, Google publishes data on traffic to its products, documenting real-time access disruptions that indicate shutdowns. Several research reports and resources have also been released to document internet shutdown incidents worldwide, published by groups such as OONI, Access Now, and EngageMedia.

This work of monitoring and documenting internet shutdowns is crucial to raise public awareness and pressure authorities to hold perpetrators accountable for these rights violations. While governments justify internet shutdowns as necessary for national security and public order, these broad measures smother freedom of expression, hinder journalists and activists from doing their jobs, and have many economic, political, and social costs.

By documenting internet shutdowns and increasing public knowledge and awareness on circumventing and reporting access restrictions, digital rights advocates and civil society can more effectively strengthen ongoing efforts to resist this form of digital authoritarianism.

 

By:News Network

Capacity Development of Media People for Promoting Tolerant and Inclusive Society

The project is funded by UNDP

News Network with funding assistance from UNDP has launched a project — Capacity Development of Media People for Promoting Tolerant and Inclusive Society. The overall objective of the initiative is to promote Diversity for Peace in Bangladesh society. The project has undertaken several initiatives with a view to improving the professional ability of the media people particularly, journalists and potential young social media activists.

They will be given better understanding on the issues related to diversity and peace including impact of peaceful coexistence of all religious people and ethnic minorities and tolerance for mankind and prosperity. About 80 media people will benefited from the project. Their contribution in the media will make people aware about their rights for equality and live with dignity in an inclusive society. 

By:News Network

ToT programme on Digital Safety and Security of Journalists held in Dhaka

ToT programme on Digital Safety and Security of Journalists held in Dhaka

#bdjournsafety

News Network, Dhaka (October 4, 2020): A three-day Training of Trainers (ToT) programme on “Digital and Physical Safety of Journalists” was held in Dhaka on September 27 -29, 2020. News Network organised the training programme with support from the Internews with a view to developing a pool of media experts in the area of digital technologies and physical security. A total of 15 mid-career journalists, including three females, representing various national and regional print and electronic media attended the 3-day residential programme held at CCDB-Hope Foundation at Savar in Dhaka.

Digital security and IT expert Ashraful Haque conducted the technical sessions on digital security which included safe use of internet and digital communications while senior journalist Goutam Mondal conducted the session on physical security.

During the programme the trainees learnt about the digital threats and risks, mitigation strategies and security best practices that can be used to improve a user’s digital hygiene and overall digital security.

As part of the best practices to protect information, news, sources and devices, participants attended the programme learnt how to protect emails and use internet safely, how to protect computer from malware and hackers and how to protect themselves from physical threats while gathering information.

Senior journalist Gautam Mondal is conducting a session while master trainer IT expert Ashraful Haque is on the dais

The discussion also included how cookies work, what the safe internet websites are, how to remove internet browsing history, what incognito browsing is, anonymity network, effective use of pseudonyms, how to protect identity of email account user, encrypting mails and hard-drive, hiding information with VeraCrypt and creating strong passwords. The ToT programme engaged the participants in a comprehensive, multi-day distributive learning process, including mock demonstration, which will help building their knowledge and skills required to effectively train other journalists. This pool of experts will act as trainers for a two-day training event in their home region.

Internews – Bangladesh Country Representative Mainuddin Ahmed attended the inaugural programme as the guest of honour which was addressed among others by News Network Editor and CEO Shahiduzzaman and Internews – Bangladesh Programme Manager Shameem Ara Sheuli. News Network Editor Shahiduzzaman and Internews Programme Manager Shameem Ara Sheuli distributed certificates among the participants in the concluding session.

Speakers at the training programme stressed the need for increasing both digital and physical safety for journalists by equipping them with proper training and devices.

Participants, who attended the programme, were overwhelmed for the opportunity to learn and hone the new media skills and stressed the need for more such trainings to cope with the rising IT security threats.  They also demanded to increase the duration of the programme.

“Unless I attend the training course I could not realise how important the subject is. I am now convinced and inspired and hope to apply the apply the knowledge in my professional works,” said Munina Munni, a senior journalist from The Financial Express.

A general view of a session with full of zeal and enthusiasm

Another participant from Chittagong also expressed his gratefulness terming the training very usefulness which he said would help immensely to face the challenges from both physical and digital threats. “I am now more confident and a different person than what I was before the training”, said Shahnewaz Riton, Bureau Chief of an upcoming TV channel –UTV. 

“Training on digital security was a new learning for many of us that expanded our horizon’, said Syed Mehedi Hasan, News Editor of Daily Matabad, from Barishal adding that it was an opportunity for them to learn about the digital safety and security and the technique to protect themselves from digital threats.

By:News Network

Strengthening The Capacity Of Journalists To Promote Freedom Of Religion And Peace

Strengthening The Capacity Of Journalists To Promote Freedom Of Religion And Peace

Project period: 2019- 2020
Funded by: Canadian High Commission

The High Commission of Canada to Bangladesh keeps continue its support to News Network in implementing a project on strengthening capacity of journalists to promote freedom of religion and peace.

The project has focused on news reporters who are working at remote rural districts and local media gatekeepers, including editors, executive editors, news editors, news-room editors of local newspapers and online news portals. 

On 7th January 2020, HE Benoit PrÊfontaine, Canadian High Commissioner to Bangladesh and News Network Editor & CEO of Shahiduzzaman are signing the project agreement. The event was organised at Canada High Commission office in Baridhara, Dhaka

As part of the project activities, News Network sensitizes media professionals on the importance religious freedom and peace and improves their professional abilities.

With improved capacities, the media professionals will be able to publish quality news and feature items and raise awareness among the people for effective engagement of relevant stakeholders in countering intolerance and ensure peace in the society.

By:News Network

Prgramme For Promoting Digital And Physical Safety Of Journalists

Prgramme For Promoting Digital And Physical Safety Of Journalists

Project Period: 2020 –2021
Funded by: Internews

Journalists across the world are facing pressure and threats while covering news on conflict sensitive issues. Journalists and media actors in Bangladesh are also not immune. They are facing threats and risks from hackers, criminal groups and religious extremists. Compounding this increasingly hostile operational environment is a sector influenced by corporate ownership and political allegiances, resulting in self-censorship at the individual journalist and editorial levels. 

The attack on freedom of expression has escalated recently with introduction of digital security act which is being used indiscriminately to harass journalists and other media activists.

The rise of hacking risks, violence by extremist groups and heightened state surveillance on journalists and bloggers have created a sense of urgency for greater digital, physical, psychosocial and legal security among journalists, bloggers and human rights defenders.

To face the challenges News Network, with support from Internews, has launched a project in April, 2020 in five divisions in Bangladesh with a view to strengthening the digital safety and physical security for journalists and access to resources.

The project activities includes Training of Journalists’ Trainers (ToT) and field level training workshops for media people, working for local and national print and electronic media on digital and physical safety of journalists, aims to foster media independence in Bangladesh by strengthening investigative journalism capacity focusing on building skills in digital and physical security, reducing self-censorship, and addressing lack of media freedoms.

The programmes will take place in the capital city Dhaka and four other divisional headquarters of Chattogram, Sylhet, Khulna and Barisal. More than one hundred journalists will be benefited from the project as well as they will share their experience and learnings from the programme among their colleagues with multiple effects.  

By:News Network

Women Human Rights Defenders’ Training on Women’s and Girls’ Right & Protecting the defenders

 

Photo of a group of participants received training on Women’s and Girls’ Right & Protecting the defenders, guests, trainers and organisers

# womenrightsdefenderstraining

DHAKA, 22 December 2019:  A twelve-day long rural women human rights defenders(W/HRDs) training on women rights has ended on 15 December 2019 at Dinajpur. The objective of the training was to educate rural Women Human Rights Defenders(W/HRDs) on women’s and girls’ rights and international law standards for the protecting the W/HRDs.

In four batches, 100 male and female participants were trained up on the issues. Each batch comprising of 25 persons received a 3-days training. The defenders include mix group of local journalists, media gatekeepers (newspapers editors, executive editors and news editors), CSO representatives and religious leaders participated in the programme. Participants were given knowledge and understanding on national policies and laws, and international law standard in protecting and promoting the rights of rural women and girls who are vulnerable to human rights violation. In addition to the training is aimed at building up their capacity to protect the defenders from violence and attacks on themselves. The trainers and experts also informed them of UN resolution on defenders’ rights in defending human rights.

 

     

Participants did several groupworks on the training issues and presented those for discussion in the workshop

Additional District Magistrate Md. Shariful Islam inaugurated the training on 4th December and Superintendent of Police (SP) Mohammad Anwar Hossain attended the closing session of the training on 15 December 2019. Besides, Dinajpur Sadar Upzilla Nirbahi Officer (UNO) Md. Firuzul Islam also attended the programme.

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